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Queen Elizabeth II: The Glue that Held Together a Dying Empire?

By Ben Galbraith 
Date: 27 September 2022

Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, former Queen of the UK and New Zealand, in the Blue Room of Buckingham Palace.
Courtesy of the Governor-General of New Zealand (2011)

On the 8th of September 2022, Queen Elizabeth II died in her Balmoral residence in Scotland. Her influence in British political affairs is undeniable, regardless of whether one supports or opposes the decisions made by the Royal Household under her rule, or the institutions that she represented. This article does not seek to explore such aspects of her reign, instead localising the discussion on the future of the relationship between the United Kingdom and the adherents to the Commonwealth, especially now that the emblematic figure of this union has died.

Phantom of the Empire: The History of the Commonwealth and its Implications

The history of the Commonwealth is far from being free of controversy, and, as is pointed out on the website of the organisation, holds its roots in an agreement made in 1926, in which the British Empire’s Dominions (Australia, Canada, India, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland, New Zealand and South Africa) agreed that they were all equal participants of the British Empire, and owed allegiance to the reigning monarch, but that they were not subject to the rule of the United Kingdom. 

Following the Second World War, a period in which the Dominions and colonies dedicated (whether voluntarily or through obligation) large quantities of resources and manpower to supporting the international war effort, large swathes of the populaces in these states saw the relative advantages to independence and ethnic equality within the conflict, something that they sought to draw out of these atrocious wars. India in particular paved the way for this kind of independence stemming from war (amongst others, of course), which would lead to the country’s independence in in 1947, yet they sought to maintain their membership within the Commonwealth, something that would lead to a change in policy in 1949 in which republics could form part of the union. 

As one of the most vociferous supporters of the Commonwealth, Queen Elizabeth saw it as a ‘new conception’ of the Empires of the past, focussing upon an equal partnership in which ‘friendship, loyalty and the desire for freedom and peace’ could foster under her position as the Head of the Commonwealth. An interesting point to note is that the four most recent countries to join the organisation have no historical ties to the British Empire, these being: Rwanda; Mozambique; Gabon and Togo. As of 15th September 2022, there are 56 independent countries that make up the Commonwealth, with there being a total of 2.5 billion citizens across each of these.

Poster advocating unity within the Commonwealth during the Second World War.
Courtesy of Kitchener Lord (2012): https://flic.kr/p/bpmatb

Revising the Status Quo: How Republicanism has Impacted the Royal Presence in the Commonwealth

The re-assessment of the status of Commonwealth countries in relation to the UK most recently took the shape of Barbados becoming a republic on 30th November 2021, on the same date as its 55th anniversary of independence. Following this event, the British monarchy remained Head of State in just 14 countries, including Australia and Canada, amongst others. 

The consequence of this was that academics proposed that other states, particularly those in the Caribbean, would move towards republicanism as a means of drastically moving away from the UK, towards a far more independent political system. In fact, an article written concerning the aforementioned constitutional reform in Barbados makes explicit mention of the fact that states may well be reluctant to make a move away from the status quo under the reign of Queen Elizabeth, but that this might change with the changing of the monarch. 

Given that the Queen has now passed, it will be particularly interesting to see how Commonwealth countries decide to reorient their policy towards the UK following her burial. For instance, Antigua and Barbuda’s Prime Minister, Gaston Browne, whose party dominates the House of Representatives, proposed a referendum as part of his long-term re-election campaign, but admitted that the citizens of the country lacked any current motivation for the vote. 

Australia, meanwhile, has categorically opposed any form of referendum on the matter within the next four years, despite the republican tendencies of Prime Minister Anthony Albanese. If we turn towards Canada, the most recent polling indicates that, when asked about reforming the country’s constitution, 45% prefer having an elected head of state, whilst only 24% (3% down from a poll undertaken a year earlier) supported maintaining the current model. 

Given that the more unfavourable contender for the monarchy has come into power, King Charles III, the changes in attitude amongst Canadians will be particularly interesting to observe. A country that is currently undergoing a constitutional reform to becoming a parliamentary republic is Jamaica, whose Minister of Legal and Constitutional Affairs, Marlene Malahoo Forte, outlined should take place in 2025

This is by no means a novel piece of news, as this idea was already being developed in June of 2022, but the active rumblings within the Jamaican parliament provide the sentiment that more serious reform is desired on a far shorter-term basis, with this being seen to be a cost-saving measure that would avoid the costs of a referendum. Moving beyond the anti-democratic undertone of such statements, we see that Jamaican politicians are inclined to lead, or harness, public sentiment to challenge contemporary norms within their own political systems with regards to the role that a monarchy plays.

 

The British Household Division marching in celebration of the Queen’s Platinum Jubilee.
Courtesy of John Pannell (2022): 
https://flic.kr/p/2npwc9P

The Cornerstone of Stability: How the Commonwealth Facilitates Intranational Governance

But let us return to the crux of this discussion, while republicanism is indeed on the rise, there is no indication as of yet that Barbados, Antigua and Barbuda, or even Jamaica, intend to leave the Commonwealth. In fact, given the surprising increase in states seeking to become members of the organisation, we reach a position in which states without so-called ‘fraternal links’ (the aforementioned non-Empire states) seek to join the organism. This provides us with several facets of analysis. 

One might suggest that the foremost objective of any such organisation is to maintain stability within the means through which it operates, as this is simply the most optimal means through which to consolidate the distribution of funds or creation of agreements amongst member states. Given that existing unions amongst developing nations struggle to coalesce around a common objective due to conflicting interests and identities (for example, the African Union), having a consistent figurehead within an organisation that is constituted of some of the foremost economic heavyweights worldwide places the Commonwealth in a unique position to throw its weight around in making political statements. 

This could mean many things, either the organisation was fundamentally tied to the Queen as the symbolic leader, given that she was very conscious of fomenting positive links to members of adherents, or that there is an inherent structural basis which ensures the reliability of the Commonwealth when compared to other international organisms. 

Turning towards a similar organisation, the L’Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), the international organisation for French-speaking countries, we see how the ethnic, religious and political divisions between adherents, similar to the African Union, tend to lead to insufficient actions in the face of coups and other such destabilising occurrences. In the Commonwealth, however, there does indeed seem to be a tendency to punish states that ‘misbehave’, such as Nigeria, Rwanda and Zimbabwe

It is in the author’s opinion that this transcends the simple iconography of a historical monarch presiding over the organisation, with it instead being indicative of the very direction of the organisation, one of human rights and friendship, a contrast to the totalising political and linguistic focuses of the OIF and African Union which breeds instability. For instance, even if we turn towards the United Nations, we see a great deal of controversy grow between states understood to have fraternal relationships due to the inherently political nature of the body. 

The Commonwealth’s basis of similarities in attitude and friendship, as unusual as it may sound, may allow for greater stability and unity at the cost of accepting unsavoury regimes to participate within the structures. This would, in turn, mean that the organisation is relatively separate from the symbolic nature of the monarch that is usually at its head, indicating that the structural bases of the organism tend to elicit more unity than other organisations. 

One might then agree with the realist trend in academia, states act out of cost-benefit analyses of what benefits are imparted by an action, compared to the costs of it, and the Commonwealth offers significant advantages with regards to stability.

President Kagame of Rwanda met Boris Johnson, then British Secretary of State, ahead of the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting.
Courtesy of Paul Kagame (2018): https://flic.kr/p/GAWsj8

Prosperity under the Royal Figurehead: Material Benefits Brought by the Commonwealth

This leads us to another point, what benefits are deemed so advantageous that non-fraternal states seek to join, beyond the stability of the structure itself? One relatively basic suggestion is that it is the sentiment of community in which all have an equal voice, thus meaning greater support is present when undertaking trade deals through the organisation. Of course, this is undoubtedly the case for certain states, but seems inadequate at explaining why states that, in the author’s opinion, are self-interested would want to take part in this ‘boy’s club’ of sorts. 

The proposal that it is due to a common history, and that this creates ties between states is perhaps one that explains the states that were members from the outset, but does not justify why Mozambique, a former Portuguese colony, has joined the Commonwealth. Perhaps, in turn, we might suggest that material advantages are imparted upon member countries, with these ranging from visa-free travel, the Right of Abode, the exemption from the English language test (for certain countries), an advice department for increasing economic competitiveness, debt management solutions, the means through which to increase investment, and how to best grow fintech within smaller and developing states. 

This does indeed seem to be getting closer to the crux of the reason as to why the Commonwealth has survived for such a lengthy period of time: it is less the cultural or political history that unites these states, rather the material advantages imparted through membership. The primary consequence of this is that we see how non-historically aligned countries see the possibility of aligning themselves with the Commonwealth to acquire these favourable conditions, particularly those of an economic nature, to develop the state’s potency internationally. This then begs the question of whether the Queen’s passing will have any kind of categorical impact upon the nature through which the Commonwealth is maintained.

It is in the author’s opinion that, whilst relations with the United Kingdom specifically will likely change in the coming decade, what with renewed interest in republicanism within the former colonies, this will do little to truly threaten the Commonwealth as an institution in and of itself. This is due to the fact that the economic benefits provided by adhering to the Commonwealth, as well as the political advantages provided to the people, will perhaps create a new face for the organisation which moves away from the legacy of the British Empire, and attains the standing of a predominantly anglophone organisation which facilitates trade and investment opportunities without the formal structures of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. 

Such a re-orientation of policy necessarily entails all states having a particularly equal voice, as in practice, the UK continues, as of the time of writing this, to hold particular sway over the organisation thanks to the relative strength of the Pound sterling. It is, of course, worth reiterating that the tendency towards republicanism that has been outlined and stressed throughout this work is by no means indicative of the commonwealth losing its potency as an international organisation if one adheres to this far more materialistic view of the Commonwealth. 

A critic of this work thus far may very well contest that the lack of attention paid to the historical and fraternal ties between countries misses the mark as to what unifies the Commonwealth. This is a logical criticism, however, given the current trend that can be perceived of states moving away from the UK, whether through foreign policy or constitutional reform, the seeming desire to be associated with the British government appears to be collapsing. In fact, it may be worth noting that proponents of this strain of argument tend to be older academics and journalists with their roots in the UK, though it is up to the reader to contemplate what this might entail.

Officials of member states preparing for the Commonwealth Finance Ministers Meeting. 
Courtesy of the
Commonwealth Secretariat (2012): https://flic.kr/p/MWDsD8

Epilogue

So, where does this leave us? One may well surmise this argument about the collapse of the Commonwealth as being relatively unfounded, at least based upon the information currently available about states’ posturing internationally. This has been concluded to be primarily due to material factors that drive states to adhere to the Commonwealth, regardless of the historical ties espoused by usually British scholars and journalists who may well feel a sense of nostalgia for the previous dominance of the UK. 

Whilst it is challenging to argue that the growth in republicanism will not affect the Commonwealth at all, it is the author’s belief that one must ultimately view these as relatively separate, and that the organisation will likely only be under threat should the material benefits and stability present in the institution be deemed under threat by member states. For these reasons, the author believes that while the institution of the Commonwealth may change, and the UK’s role in it may drastically decrease, this by no means spells the end for the body more broadly.

The Big Ben and British Parliament in noir. 
Courtesy of Grahamvphoto (2017): https://flic.kr/p/Q8H3b9

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